Side-by-side comparison

Standard Python library for classical ML: classification, regression, clustering, pipelines and metrics.

Dominant deep learning framework for research and production; the foundation of nearly all modern LLM work.

Composable transformations (grad, jit, vmap) of NumPy programs on GPU/TPU; powers Google DeepMind research.

High-level deep learning API that runs on JAX, PyTorch or TensorFlow backends since Keras 3.